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This study examines the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) through the lens of the eco-social contract framework. MGNREGA is a pivotal initiative launched in 2005 by the Government of India, aimed at providing 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural households.

The Working for Water Programme in South Africa was established in 1995 with the key objective of addressing invasive alien plant species to conserve water resources while creating jobs for marginalized communities. Rooted in South Africa's post-apartheid transition, the programme has leveraged ecological priorities to address social inequities.

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region faces growing pressures from demographic change, economic inequality, and climate impacts such as water scarcity and environmental degradation. Historically, social contracts in the region prioritized protection and state provision of services while limiting political participation. However, rising youth populations, economic disparities, and the aftermath of the Arab Spring have intensified demands for more inclusive governance